Cause
The gene for color vision deficiency is located on the 23rd chromosome.(x sex chromosome). That is why color vision deficiency is much more common in males rather than females. ( This gene is sex-linked)Mutations in the following genes are what causes color vision deficiency CNGB3, CNGA3, GNAT2, OPN1LW, OPN1MW, and OPN1SW.
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The retina of your eye is made up of multiple rods and cones. The cones give you the ability to see colors during the daylight and the rods let you see at night. Genes code for light sensitive pigments. If the coding is wrong you will perceive wavelengths differently. This means you will perceive colors differently.
Inheritance
If a mother who is not color blind and a color blind father have children there is a 100% chance that all of their daughters will be carriers. None of their sons will be color blind.
If a mother is a gene carrier and a father is not color blind there is a 50% chance the son will be color blind and a 50% chance that the daughters will be color blind gene carriers.
If a father is color blind and a mother is a carrier than there is a 50% chance the daughters will be either carriers or color blind.
If a mother is color blind and the father is not color blind than all of the sons will be color blind and all of the daughters will be carriers.